Flamingo Prose Ch.5 - Indigo (With Difficult Words)

About the author

Louis Fischer (1896-1970) was born in Philadelphia. He served as a volunteer in the British Army between 1918 and 1920. Fischer made a career as a journalist and wrote for The New York Times, The Saturday Review and for European and Asian publications. He was also a member of the faculty at Princeton University. The following chapter Indigo is an excerpt from his book- The Life of Mahatma Gandhi. The book has been reviewed as one of the best books ever written on Gandhi by Times Educational Supplement.

Indigo

When I first visited Gandhi in 1942 at his ashram in Sevagram, in central India, he said, “I will tell you how it happened that I decided to urge the departure of the British. It was in 1917.”

He had gone to the December 1916 annual convention of the Indian National Congress party in Lucknow. There were 2,301 delegates and many visitors. During the proceedings, Gandhi recounted, “a peasant came up to me looking like any other peasant in India, poor and emaciated, and said, ‘I am Rajkumar Shukla. I am from Champaran, and I want you to come to my district’!’’ Gandhi had never heard of the place. It was in the foothills of the towering Himalayas, near the kingdom of Nepal.

Under an ancient arrangement, the Champaran peasants were sharecroppers. Rajkumar Shukla was one of them. He was illiterate but resolute. He had come to the Congress session to complain about the injustice of the landlord system in Bihar, and somebody had probably said, “Speak to Gandhi.”

Gandhi told Shukla he had an appointment in Cawnpore and was also committed to go to other parts of India. Shukla accompanied him everywhere. Then Gandhi returned to his ashram near Ahmedabad. Shukla followed him to the ashram. For weeks he never left Gandhi’s side.

“Fix a date,” he begged.

Impressed by the sharecropper’s tenacity and story Gandhi said, ‘‘I have to be in Calcutta on such-and-such a date. Come and meet me and take me from there.”

Months passed. Shukla was sitting on his haunches at the appointed spot in Calcutta when Gandhi arrived; he waited till Gandhi was free. Then the two of them boarded a train for the city of Patna in Bihar. There Shukla led him to the house of a lawyer named Rajendra Prasad who later became President of the Congress party and of India. Rajendra Prasad was out of town, but the servants knew Shukla as a poor yeoman who pestered their master to help the indigo sharecroppers. So they let him stay on the grounds with his companion, Gandhi, whom they took to be another peasant. But Gandhi was not permitted to draw water from the well lest some drops from his bucket pollute the entire source; how did they know that he was not an untouchable?

Gandhi decided to go first to Muzzafarpur, which was en route to Champaran, to obtain more complete information about conditions than Shukla was capable of imparting. He accordingly sent a telegram to Professor J.B. Kripalani, of the Arts College in Muzzafarpur, whom he had seen at Tagore’s Shantiniketan school. The trainarrived at midnight, 15 April 1917. Kripalani was waiting at the station with a large body of students. Gandhi stayed there for two days in the home of Professor Malkani, a teacher in a government school. ‘‘It was an extraordinary thing ‘in those days,’’ Gandhi commented, “for a government professor to harbour a man like me”. In smaller localities, the Indians were afraid to show sympathy for advocates of home-rule.

The news of Gandhi’s advent and of the nature of his mission spread quickly through Muzzafarpur and to Champaran. Sharecroppers from Champaran began arriving on foot and by conveyance to see their champion. Muzzafarpur lawyers called on Gandhi to brief him; they frequently represented peasant groups in court; they told him about their cases and reported the size of their fee.

Gandhi chided the lawyers for collecting big fee from the sharecroppers. He said, ‘‘I have come to the conclusion that we should stop going to law courts. Taking such cases to the courts does litte good. Where the peasants are so crushed and fear-stricken, law courts are useless. The real relief for them is to be free from fear.’’

Most of the arable land in the Champaran district was divided into large estates owned by Englishmen and worked by Indian tenants. The chief commercial crop was indigo. The landlords compelled all tenants to plant three twentieths or 15 per cent of their holdings with indigo and surrender the entire indigo harvest as rent. This was done by long-term contract.

Presently, the landlords learned that Germany had developed synthetic indigo. They, thereupon, obtained agreements from the sharecroppers to pay them compensation for being released from the 15 per cent arrangement.

The sharecropping arrangement was irksome to the peasants, and many signed willingly. Those who resisted, engaged lawyers; the landlords hired thugs. Meanwhile, the information about synthetic indigo reached the illiterate peasants who had signed, and they wanted their money back.

At this point Gandhi arrived in Champaran.

He began by trying to get the facts. First he visited the secretary of the British landlord’s association. The secretary told him that they could give no information to an outsider. Gandhi answered that he was no outsider.

Next, Gandhi called on the British official commissioner of the Tirhut division in which the Champaran district lay. ‘‘The commissioner,’’ Gandhi reports, ‘‘proceeded to bully me and advised me forthwith to leave Tirhut.’’

Gandhi did not leave. Instead he proceeded to Motihari, the capital of Champaran. Several lawyers accompanied him. At the railway station, a vast multitude greeted Gandhi. He went to a house and, using it as headquarters, continued his investigations. A report came in that a peasant had been maltreated in a nearby village. Gandhi decided to go and see; the next morning he started out on the back of an elephant. He had not proceeded far when the police superintendent’s messenger overtook him and ordered him to return to town in his carriage. Gandhi complied. The messenger drove Gandhi home where he served him with an official notice to quit Champaran immediately. Gandhi signed a receipt for the notice and wrote on it that he would disobey the order.

In consequence, Gandhi received a summons to appear in court the next day.

All night Gandhi remained awake. He telegraphed Rajendra Prasad to come from Bihar with influential friends. He sent instructions to the ashram. He wired a full report to the Viceroy.

Morning found the town of Motihari black with peasants. They did not know Gandhi’s record in South Africa. They had merely heard that a Mahatma who wanted to help them was in trouble with the authorities. Their spontaneous demonstration, in thousands, around the courthouse was the beginning of their liberation from fear of the British.

The officials felt powerless without Gandhi’s cooperation. He helped them regulate the crowd. He was polite and friendly. He was giving them concrete proof that their might, hitherto dreaded and unquestioned, could be challenged by Indians.

The government was baffled. The prosecutor requested the judge to postpone the trial. Apparently, the authorities wished to consult their superiors.

Gandhi protested against the delay. He read a statement pleading guilty. He was involved, he told the court, in a “conflict of duties”— on the one hand, not to set a bad example as a lawbreaker; on the other hand, to render the “humanitarian and national service” for which he had come. He disregarded the order to leave, “not for want of respect for lawful authority, but in obedience to the higher law of our being, the voice of conscience”. He asked the penalty due.

The magistrate announced that he would pronounce sentence after a two-hour recess and asked Gandhi to furnish bail for those 120 minutes. Gandhi refused. The judge released him without bail.

When the court reconvened, the judge said he would not deliver the judgment for several days. Meanwhile he allowed Gandhi to remain at liberty.

 

Rajendra Prasad, Brij Kishor Babu, Maulana Mazharul Huq and several other prominent lawyers had arrived from Bihar. They conferred with Gandhi. What would they do if he was sentenced to prison, Gandhi asked. Why, the senior lawyer replied, they had come to advise and help him; if he went to jail there would be nobody to advise and they would go home.

What about the injustice to the sharecroppers, Gandhi demanded. The lawyers withdrew to consult. Rajendra Prasad has recorded the upshot of their consultations — “They thought, amongst themselves, that Gandhi was totally a stranger, and yet he was prepared to go to prison for the sake of the peasants; if they, on the other hand, being not only residents of the adjoining districts but also those who claimed to have served these peasants, should go home, it would be shameful desertion.”

They accordingly went back to Gandhi and told him they were ready to follow him into jail. ‘‘The battle of Champaran is won,’’ he exclaimed. Then he took a piece of paper and divided the group into pairs and put down the order in which each pair was to court arrest.

Several days later, Gandhi received a written communication from the magistrate informing him that the Lieutenant-Governor of the province had ordered the case to be dropped. Civil disobedience had triumphed, the first time in modern India.

Gandhi and the lawyers now proceeded to conduct a far-flung inquiry into the grievances of the farmers. Depositions by about ten thousand peasants were written down, and notes made on other evidence. Documents were collected. The whole area throbbed with the activity of the investigators and the vehement protests of the landlords.

In June, Gandhi was summoned to Sir Edward Gait, the Lieutenant-Governor. Before he went he met leading associates and again laid detailed plans for civil disobedience if he should not return.

Gandhi had four protracted interviews with the Lieutenant Governor who, as a result, appointed an official commission of inquiry into the indigo sharecroppers’ situation. The commission consisted of landlords, government officials, and Gandhi as the sole representative of the peasants.

Gandhi remained in Champaran for an initial uninterrupted period of seven months and then again for several shorter visits. The visit, undertaken casually on the entreaty of an unlettered peasant in the expectation that it would last a few days, occupied almost a year of Gandhi’s life.

The official inquiry assembled a crushing mountain of evidence against the big planters, and when they saw this they agreed, in principle, to make refunds to the peasants. “But how much must we pay?” they asked Gandhi.

They thought he would demand repayment in full of the money which they had illegally and deceitfully extorted from the sharecroppers. He asked only 50 per cent. “There he seemed adamant,” writes Reverend J. Z. Hodge, a British missionary in Champaran who observed the entire episode at close range. “Thinking probably that he would not give way, the representative of the planters offered to refund to the extent of 25 per cent, and to his amazement Mr. Gandhi took him at his word, thus breaking the deadlock.”

This settlement was adopted unanimously by the commission. Gandhi explained that the amount of the refund was less important than the fact that the landlords had been obliged to surrender part of the money and, with it, part of their prestige. Therefore, as far as the peasants were concerned, the planters had behaved as lords above the law. Now the peasant saw that he had rights and defenders. He learned courage.

Events justified Gandhi’s position. Within a few years the British planters abandoned their estates, which reverted to the peasants. Indigo sharecropping disappeared.

Gandhi never contented himself with large political or economic solutions. He saw the cultural and social backwardness in the Champaran villages and wanted to do something about it immediately. He appealed for teachers. Mahadev Desai and Narhari Parikh, two young men who had just joined Gandhi as disciples, and their wives, volunteered for the work. Several more came from Bombay, Poona and other distant parts of the land. Devadas, Gandhi’s youngest son, arrived from the ashram and so did Mrs. Gandhi. Primary schools were opened in six villages. Kasturbai taught the ashram rules on personal cleanliness and community sanitation.

Health conditions were miserable. Gandhi got a doctor to volunteer his services for six months. Three medicines were available — castor oil, quinine and sulphur ointment. Anybody who showed a coated tongue was given a dose of castor oil; anybody with malaria fever received quinine plus castor oil; anybody with skin eruptions received ointment plus castor oil.

Gandhi noticed the filthy state of women’s clothes. He asked Kasturbai to talk to them about it. One woman took Kasturbai into her hut and said, ‘‘Look, there is no box or cupboard here for clothes. The sari I am wearing is the only one I have.”

During his long stay in Champaran, Gandhi kept a long distance watch on the ashram. He sent regular instructions by mail and asked for financial accounts. Once he wrote to the residents that it was time to fill in the old latrine trenches and dig new ones otherwise the old ones would begin to smell bad.

The Champaran episode was a turning-point in Gandhi’s life. ‘‘What I did,” he explained, “was a very ordinary thing. I declared that the British could not order me about in my own country.”

But Champaran did not begin as an act of defiance. It grew out of an attempt to alleviate the distress of large numbers of poor peasants. This was the typical Gandhi pattern — his politics were intertwined with the practical, day-to-day problems of the millions. His was not a loyalty to abstractions; it was a loyalty to living, human beings.

In everything Gandhi did, moreover, he tried to mould a new free Indian who could stand on his own feet and thus make India free.

Early in the Champaran action, Charles Freer Andrews, the English pacifist who had become a devoted follower of the Mahatma, came to bid Gandhi farewell before going on a tour of duty to the Fiji Islands. Gandhi’s lawyer friends thought it would be a good idea for Andrews to stay in Champaran and help them. Andrews was willing if Gandhi agreed. But Gandhi was vehemently opposed. He said, ‘‘You think that in this unequal fight it would be helpful if we have an Englishman on our side. This shows the weakness of your heart. The cause is just and you must rely upon yourselves to win the battle. You should not seek a prop in Mr. Andrews because he happens to be an Englishman’’.

‘‘He had read our minds correctly,’’ Rajendra Prasad comments, “and we had no reply… Gandhi in this way taught us a lesson in self-reliance’’.

Self-reliance, Indian independence and help to sharecroppers were all bound together.

Indigo Solution
Indigo Full Chapter in Hindi
Indigo Summary in English and Hindi

 Difficult Words Indigo

abandon (अबैन्डन) = to give up, त्यागना, छोड़ना	abstractions (एब्स्ट्रै क्शन्ज़) = imaginary things, कल्पना की वस्तुएँ
accompany (अकम्पनि)= to travel with somebody, साथ जाना	accordingly (अकॉ:डिंग्लि ) = as per above mentioned plan, तदनुसार
activity (एक्टिविटि)= movement, हलचल, गतिविधि	adamant (एडमन्ट) = stubborn, अडिग
adjoining (एड्जॉइनिंग) = nearly, आस-पास के	adopt (अडॉप्ट) = take, लेना
advent (एड्वेन्ट) = arrival, आगमन	advocate (एड्वोकेट) = champion, पक्षधर
all bound together = सब एक-दूसरे से जुड़े	alleviate(एलिविएट)= remove, हटाना, कम करना
amazement (अमेज़मन्ट) = surprise, आश्चर्य	ancient (एन्शन्ट) = very old, बहुत पुराना
announce (अनाउन्स) = proclaim, घोषित करना	annual (एन्युअल) = yearly, वार्षिक
apparently (एपारट्लि ) = obviously, स्पष्टतः	appear(अपिअर) =to be present, उपस्थित होना
appointed (अपॉइन्टिड्) = नियुक्त किया	appointment (अपॉइन्ट्मन्ट) = formal arrangement to meet someone, मिलने की योजना
arable (ऐरबल) = cultivable, कृषि योग्य	arrangement (अरेन्जमन्ट) = agreement, समझौता
arrive (अराइव) = to reach, पहुँचना	as a result = परिणामस्वरूप
asked for = माँगते रहते थे	assemble (असेम्बल) = gather, इकट्ठा करना
associate (असोशिएट) = assistant, सहयोगी	association (असोसिएशन) = organisation, संगठन
at close range (एट क्लोज़ रेन्ज) = closely, नजदीक से	authorities (अथॉरिटीज़) = officials, अधिकारी लोग
awake (अवेक) = without sleep, जगे हुए	baffled (बैफ़ल्ड) = perplexed, चकरा गई
bail (बेल) = release, जमानत	battle (बैटल) = war, युद्ध, लड़ाई
beg (बेग) = request, प्रार्थना करना	bid farewell(बिड फ़ेवेल)= say good bye, विदा करना
black with peasants = किसानों से भर गया	board (बो:ड) = get into, चढ़ना
body (बॉडि) = group, समूह	brief (ब्रीफ) = to impart information in a nutshell, संक्षिप्त जानकारी देना
bully (बुलि) = to give threat, डराना, धमकाना	call on (कॉल ऑन) = meet, मिलना
called on (कॉल्ड ऑन) = came to meet, मिलने आये	carriage (कैरिज) = vehicle, वाहन
casually (कैशुअलि) = not seriously, बिना गम्भीरता के	cause (कॉज़) = issue, मुद्दा
central (सेन्ट्रल) = in the centre, मध्य	champion (चैम्पिअन) = advocate, पक्षधर
chide (चाइड)= scold, फटकारना	chief (चीफ) = main, मुख्य
civil disobedience (सिविल डिस्ऑबिडन्स) = सविनय अवज्ञा	claim (क्लेम) = boast, दावा करना
cleanliness (क्लीन्लिनस) = state of being clean, स्वच्छता	commercial (कमशल) = of cash, व्यावसायिक
commission (कमिशन) = a group of officials, आयोग	commissioner (कमिश्नर) = आयुक्त
committed (कमिटिड) = willing to give one’s time and energy to something, समर्पित, वचनबद्ध	communication (कम्यूनिकेशन)= message, संदेश
community (कम्युनिटि) = a group of people, समुदाय	companion (कम्पैन्यन)= friend, साथी
compel (कम्पेल) = to force, मजबूर करना	compensation (कम्पेन्सेशन) = क्षतिपूर्ति
complain (कम्प्ले न) = to say that you are annoyed, शिकायत करना	complete (कम्प्लीट) = exhaustive, पूरी
comply (कम्प्लाइ) = to obey, आज्ञा मानना	concrete (कॉन्क्रीट) = solid, ठोस
conduct (कन्डक्ट) = set up, बिठाना, करना	confer(कन्फॅ)= to discuss, विचार-विमर्श-करना
conflict (कॉन्फ्लिक्ट) = situation of disagreement, विरोधाभास	conscience (कॉन्शन्स)= विवेक
consist of (कन्सिस्ट ऑव) = made of, बना हुआ था/में शामिल थे	consult (कन्सल्ट) = to take advice, सलाह-मशविरा करना, विचार-विमर्श
consultation (कन्सल्टेशन)= discussion, विचार-विमर्श	content (कन्टेन्ट) = satisfy, सन्तुष्ट होना
contract (कॉन्ट्रैक्ट) = a written agreement, समझौता	convention (कन्वेंशन) = conference, सम्मेलन
conveyance (कन्वेअन्स) = a vehicle, वाहन	co-operation (को-ऑपरेशन) = help, सहायता
courage (करिज) = valour, साहस	court arrest (को:ट अरेस्ट) = to offer to go in jail, गिरफ्तारी देना
crop (क्रॉप) = harvest, फसल	crushed (क्रश्ट) = downtrodden, कुचले हुए
crushing (क्रशिंग) = पूर्णतया या बुरी तरह से हराने वाले, ठोस	cultural (कल्चरल) = of culture, सांस्कृतिक
cupboard (कबड) = almirah, अलमारी	deadlock (डेड्लॉक) = resistance, गतिरोध
deceitfully (डिसिट्फ़लि)= deceivingly, धोखे से	decide (डिसाइड) = make up one’s mind, निश्चय करना
defender(डिफेण्डर)= protector, रक्षा करने वाला	defiance डिफाइअन्स=disobedience, अवहेलना
delay (डिले) = period of wait, देरी	delegate (डेलिगेट) = representative, प्रतिनिधि
deliver (डिलीवर) = pronounce, सुनाना	demanded (डिमान्डिड) = asked, पूछा
demonstration (डेमॉन्स्ट्रेशन)= show, प्रदर्शन	departure (डिपा:चर) = leaving, प्रस्थान, गमन
deposition (डिपोज़िशन) = a formal statement taken from somebody and used in court, बयान, साक्ष्य	desertion (डिज़:शन) = leaving a place, पलायन, भाग जाना
develop (डिवेलप) = to grow bigger, तरक्की करना, विकास करना	devoted (डिवोटिड) = having great love for something, समर्पित
dig (डिग) = खोदना	disappeared (डिस्अपिअर्ड)= came to an end, समाप्त हो गई
disobey (डिस्ओ बे) = आज्ञा न मानना	disregard(डिस्त्रिगा:ड)= disobey, उल्लंघन करना
distant (डिस्टन्ट) = remote, दूरवर्ती	distress (डिस्ट्रस) = trouble, परेशानी, कष्ट
document डॉक्यूमन्ट=official paper, अभिलेख	draw (ड्रॉ)= take out, निकालना
dreaded(ड्रेडिड)= that causes fear, डराने वाली	drop (ड्रॉप) = withdraw, समाप्त करना
drove him = उन्हें गाड़ी में बैठाकर लाया	due (ड्यू) = reasonable, उचित
economic (इकॉनॉमिक) = connected with trade and wealth, आर्थिक	emaciated (इमेशिएटिड) = thin and weak, दुबला-पतला
engage (इंगेज) = employ, लगाना	entire (इन्टाइअर)= whole, सम्पूर्ण, पूरा
entreaty (इन्ट्रीटि) = request, प्रार्थना	estate (इस्टेट) = a large area of land, जागीर
event (इवेन्ट) = a thing that happens, घटना	evidence (एविडंस) = सबूत, साक्ष्य
exclaim (इक्स्क्ले म) = to say something in awe or amazement, विस्मय के साथ कहना	expectation (इक्स्पे क्टेशन) = belief that something will happen, अपेक्षा. सम्भावना
extent (इक्स्टे न्ट)= limit, सीमा	extort (इक्स्टॉट) = to take by force, छीनना, ऐंठना
fact (फैक्ट) = true information, तथ्य	far flung (फार फ़्लंग) = व्यापक
fear-stricken (फ़िअर-स्ट्रिकन) = frightened, भयभीत	filthy (फिल्थि ) = dirty, गन्दा
financial accounts (फिनन्शल अकाउण्टस्)= आर्थिक लेखा-जोखा	follow (फॉलो)= to go after somebody, अनुगमन करना, पीछे-पीछे चलना
follower (फॉलोअर) = one who follows, समर्थक, अनुगामी	foothills (फुहिल्ज़) = bottom of hills, तराई
for the sake of (फ़ॉ द सेक ऑव) = के लिए	forthwith (फो:श्विथ) = without delay, immediately, शीघ्र, बिना देर किये
frequently (फ्रीक्वट्लि ) = often, अक्सर, प्रायः	furnish(फ़:निश)=to provide, to supply, देना
give way (गिव वे) = surrender, आत्म समर्पण करना, मनाना	greet (ग्रीट) = welcome, स्वागत करना
grievance (ग्रीवान्स) = complaints, शिकायत	happen(हैपन) = occur, take place, घटित होना
happens to be = संयोग से हैं	harbour (हा:बर)= to give shelter, शरण देना, आश्रय देना, ठहराना
haunches (हॉन्चिज़) = the tops of legs and buttocks, कूल्हे	hire(हाइअर) = employ, लगाना, किराये पर रखना
hitherto (हिदरटु) = till now, अब तक	holdings (होल्डिंग्ज़) = amount of property that is owned by a person, सम्पत्ति, यहाँ जमीन
homerule (होम रूल)= own government, स्व-शासन	humanitarian (ह्यूमनिटेरिअन)= pertaining to human beings, मानवीय
illegally (इलिगलि) without any legal base, गैर कानूनी	illiterate (इलिटरट)= uneducated, अशिक्षित, निरक्षर
impart (इम्पा:ट) = to pass information to other people, अन्य व्यक्ति को जानकारी पहुँचाना	impressed (इम्प्रेस्ट) = influenced, प्रभावित होकर
in consequence (इन कन्सीक्वन्स) = as a result, परिणामस्वरूप	in principle (इन प्रिन्सिपल) = theoretically, सिद्धान्ततः
indigo (इन्डिगो) = नील	influential (इन्फ्लू अन्शल) = resourceful, प्रभावशाली
initial (इनिशल) = in the beginning, शुरु में	injusticeइन्जस्टिस=unfair treatment, अन्याय
instead (इन्स्टेड) = in lieu, के बजाय	instruction (इन्स्ट्रक्शन) = direction, निर्देश
intertwine (इन्ट:ट्वाइन)= woven, गुंथी हुई	investigation (इन्वेस्टिगेशन)= probe, जाँच
investigator (इनवेस्टिगइटें)= अन्वेषक, जाँच करने वाला	involved (इन्वॉल्व्ड) = taking part in something, लिप्त
irksome (अ:कसम) = annoying, irritating, tiresome, परेशानी भरा	it would last a few days = इसकी कुछ दिन चलने की संभावना थी
just (जस्ट) = fair, न्यायसंगत	justify (जस्टिफाई) = to show that something is reasonable, उचित ठहराना
kingdom (किंग्डम) = empire, राज्य	laid detailed plans = विस्तृत योजना बनाई
landlord (लैन्लॉड) = land owner, जमींदार	later (लेटर)= afterwards, बाद में
lay (ले) = situated, पड़ता था	leading (लीडिंग)= prominent, प्रमुख
led (लेड) = took, ले गये	let (लेट) = allow, (करने) देना
liberation(लिबरेशन)=freedom, स्वतन्त्रता, मुक्ति	liberty (लिब:टि) = freedom, स्वतन्त्र
living (लिविंग) = not dead, सजीव	locality (लोकलटि)= settlement, बस्ती
long distance watch = किसी की दूर से रहकर निगरानी या देखभाल करना	long term (लॉन्ग ट:म) = for a long time, दीर्घकालिक
lords (लॉ:ड्ज़) = people of high social class, उच्चस्तर के व्यक्ति	loyalty (लॉयल्टि) = faithfulness, वफादारी
make refunds (मेक रिफन्ड्ज़ )= to give back money, पैसा वापिस देना	maltreat (मैलट्रीट) = to treat badly, दुर्व्यवहार करना
meanwhile (मीन्वाइल) = in the meantime,	merely (मिअर्लि)= only, सिर्फ, केवल
messenger (मेसेन्जर) = envoy, दूत, सन्देशवाहक	might (माइट) = power, शक्ति
miserable (मिज़रब्ल) = very unhappy, दयनीय, खराब	moreover (मोरओवर) = and, इसके अलावा
mould (मोल्ड) = form, बनाना, ढालना	mountain (माउन्टेन) = ढेर सारे
multitude (मल्टिट्यूड) = crowd, भीड़	nature (नेचर)= basic quality, मूल प्रकृति
notice (नोटिस) = see, देखना	obedience (ओबीडिअन्स)= willingness to do something, आज्ञाकारिता
oblige (ऑब्लाइज़) = force, मजबूर करना	observed (ऑब्जव्ड) = noticed, देखा
obtain (अब्टेन) = get, प्राप्त करना	occupy (ऑक्युपाइ) = remaining busy doing something, समय लगाना
on the one hand (ऑन द वन हैण्ड) = एक ओर	on the other hand (ऑन दी अर्द्र हैण्ड) = दूसरी ओर
order (ऑ:डॅ) = sequence, क्रम	outsider (आउटसाइडें) = बाहरी व्यक्ति
overtake (ओवटेक) = वाहन, व्यक्ति आदि के पीछे से आकर आगे निकल जाना	own (ओन) = to have, अधिकार में रखना
pacifist (पेसिफिस्ट) = a person who refuses to fight in a war, शांतिदूत	peasant (पेज़न्ट) = farmer, किसान
penalty (पेनल्टि) = punishment, दण्ड	pester (पेस्टर)= to annoy somebody by asking him something many times, एक ही बात को बार-बार पूछ-पूछ कर परेशान करना
planter (प्लान्टर) = landlord, जमींदार	plead guilty (प्लीड गिल्टि)= confess guilt, अपराध स्वीकार करना
politics (पॉलिटिक्स)= राजनीतिक विचारधाराएँ	pollute (पॅल्यूट) = to add dirty substance, प्रदूषित करना
postpone (पोस्टपोन) = स्थगित करना	practical (प्रैक्टिकल)= pragmatic, व्यावहारिक
prestige (प्रेस्टीज) = status, प्रतिष्ठा	prison (प्रिज़न) = jail, जेल
probably (प्रॉबब्लि)= perhaps, शायद	proceed (प्रसीड) = come forward, आगे बढ़ना
proceedings (प्रसीडिंग्ज़) = a series of planned activities, कार्यवाही	prominent (प्रॉमिनन्ट) = chief, प्रमुख
pronounce (प्रनाउन्स) = say, बोलना	prop (प्रॉप) = support, बैसाखी, सहारा
prosecutor (प्रोसिक्यूटर) = advocate to the plantiff, वादी/पक्षकार का वकील	protest (प्रोटेस्ट) = oppose, प्रतिवाद करना, विरोध करना
protracted (प्रोट्रेक्टिड) = lasting for a long time, prolonged, लम्बे समय तक चलने वाले	province (प्रोविन्स)= state, राज्य
quit (क्विट) = to leave, छोड़ना	received (रिसीव्ड) = got, प्राप्त किया
recess (रीसेस) = break, मध्यान्तर	reconvened (रीकन्वीन्ड) = started after a break, फिर से शुरू हुई
recount (रिकाउन्ट) = teil, कहना	refuse (रिफ्यूज़) = to say no to something, मना करना
regulate (रेग्यूलेट) = to control, नियन्त्रित करना	release (रिलीज़) = to make free, मुक्त करना
relief (रिलीफ) = comfort, राहत	rely upon (रिलाइ अपॉन) = depend upon, निर्भर होना
remained (रिमेइन्ड) = kept, रहे	render (रेन्डॅ) = give, देना
reported (रिपोर्टिड)= told, बताया	representative (रेप्रिजेन्टटिव)= delegate, प्रतिनिधि
resident (रेज़ीडन्ट) = dweller, निवासी	resist (रिजिस्ट) = oppose, विरोध करना
resolute (रेजल्यूट)= determined, दृढ़- निश्चयी	revert (रिव:ट)= to return something to its original owner, मूल मालिक को लौटाना
right (राइट) = a legal claim, अधिकार	sanitation (सेनिटेशन) = cleanliness, स्वच्छता
seek = ढूँढ़ना	seen (सीन)= met, मिल चुके थे
self- reliance (सेल्फ-रिलायन्स) = self dependence, आत्म-निर्भरता, स्वावलम्बन	sentence (सेनटॅन्स) = punishment, सजा
sentence (सेन्टन्स) = punishment, decision, दण्ड, निर्णय	served (सॅ:व्ड) = दिया
session (सेशन) = a formal meeting, सम्मेलन, बैठक	settlement (सैटल्मन्ट) = agreement, समझौता
several (सेवरल) = a number of, कई	shameful (शेम्फल) = that which makes somebody feel ashamed, शर्मनाक
sharecropper (शेअॅक्रॉपर) = a farmer who gives part of his/her crop as rent to the owner of the land, बँटाईदार	sole (सोल) = only, एकमात्र
solution (सलूशन) = a way of solving a problem, समाधान	source (सोर्स)= origin, स्रोत
spontaneous (स्पॉन्टेन्यस) = natural, सहज	spot (स्पॉट) = place, स्थान
spread (स्प्रेड) = फैल गया	stranger (स्ट्रेन्ड) = outsider, बाहरी व्यक्ति
summons (समन्ज़) = order of the court, कानूनी आदेश	superiors (सुपरिअज़) = higher officers, उच्चाधिकारी
surrender(सरेन्डर)= give in, आत्मसमर्पण करना	sympathy (सिम्पथी)= fellow feeling, सहानुभूति
synthetic (सिन्थेटिक) = chemically prepared, संश्लेषित	system (सिस्टम) = arrangement, व्यवस्था
tenacity (टनैसटि) = persistence, लगन	tenant (टेनन्ट) = a person who pays rent for the use of land, काश्तकार
thereupon (देअअपॉन)= immediately after the situation mentioned, इस पर	three twentieths (थ्री ट्वेन्टिअथ्स) = 3/20, बीस में तीन भाग
throb (थ्रॉब)= pulsate, कपित होना	thug (ठग) = a criminal, अपराधी
thus breaking the deadlock = इस प्रकार गतिरोध को समाप्त कर दिया	took to be = समझा था
towering(टाउअरिंग)=very high,बहुत ऊँचा, भव्य	trench (ट्रेन्च) = a ditch, बड़ा गड्ढा
trial (ट्राइअल) = hearing, सुनवाई	triumphed (ट्राइअम्पट) = won, जीत हो गई थी
trouble (ट्रब्ल) = difficulty, परेशानी	turning point (ट:निंग पॉइन्ट) = मोड़, महत्त्वपूर्ण घटना
typical (टिपिकल)= characteristic of, विशिष्ट	unanimously (यूनेनिमस्लि ) = without any opposition, निर्विरोध
undertake (अण्ड:टेक्) = लेना, करना	unequal fight = गैर बराबरी की या असमान लड़ाई
uninterrupted (अन्इन्टेरप्टिड) = without break, लगातार	unlettered (अनलैटर्ड) = illiterate, अनपढ़।
unquestioned (अन्क्वे श्चन्ड) = unopposed, विरोधविहीन	untouchable (अन्टचेब्ल) = of so called low caste, अछूत
upshot (अपशॉट) = outcome, परिणाम	urge (अ:ज) = recommend, संस्तुति करना, आग्रह करना
vehement (वेहमन्ट)= violent, उग्र	vehemently(वीअमटिल) = very strongly, पुरजोर ढंग से, सख्त
visit (विज़िट) = go to meet, मिलने जाना	visitors (विज़िट:ज़) = those who come to see, मिलने वाले या दर्शक
want (वान्ट)= अभाव	willingly (विलिंग्लि ) = with one’s own will, जानबूझकर, स्वेच्छा से
wired(वायर्ड)=sent through wireतार द्वारा भेजी	withdrew (विद्ड्र) = went back, पीछे हट गये
would begin to smell bad = बदबू आने लगेगी	yeoman (यऊमन) = in Britain, in the past, a farmer who owned the land on which he worked, भूतकाल में ब्रिटेन में छोटा कृषक जो अपनी स्वयं की भूमि पर काम करता था

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