Journey to the End of the Earth Summary In English
"Journey to the End of the Earth" is a personal account of the author's journey to Antarctica aboard a Russian research vessel, the Akademik Shokalskiy. The author reflects on the history of the supercontinent, Gondwana, and its eventual separation into countries, including India and Antarctica. The author notes that visiting Antarctica is a chance to understand our geological history and the significance of concepts such as evolution, extinction, ozone, and carbon.
The author also reflects on the impact of humans on the environment, noting that human civilizations have been around for a relatively short amount of time in geological terms, yet have managed to create a significant impact on the environment. The author notes that climate change is a hotly debated topic, and Antarctica is a crucial element in this debate, as it has never sustained a human population, making it relatively pristine. The ice-cores in Antarctica hold half-million-year-old carbon records, making it the ideal location to study the Earth's past, present, and future.
The author highlights the program "Students on Ice," which takes high school students to the ends of the world, providing them with inspiring educational opportunities that foster a new understanding and respect for our planet. The program is aimed at the future generation of policy-makers, who are ready to learn, absorb and act.
Overall, the chapter reflects on the significance of Antarctica as a unique location for learning about our geological history and the impact of humans on the environment. The author highlights the importance of taking action to preserve the environment and provides an inspiring example of an educational program aimed at equipping the next generation of leaders with the knowledge and tools to address environmental challenges.
Journey to the End of the Earth Summary In Hindi
रूसी अनुसंधान जहाज, अकादमिक शोकाल्स्कीय। लेखक गोंडवाना, एक सुपर-ध्रुवीय महाद्वीप, के इतिहास पर विचार करती हैं, और उसके अंततः भारत और अंटार्कटिका जैसे देशों में विभाजित होने के बारे में उल्लेख करती हैं। लेखक नोट करती हैं कि अंटार्कटिका जाने का एक मौका हमारे भूवैज्ञानिक इतिहास और विकल्प जैसे विकास, विलुप्ति, ओजोन और कार्बन की महत्वता को समझने का एक मौका है।
लेखक भी पर्यावरण पर मानवों के प्रभाव पर विचार करती है, जिसमें उन्होंने यह दर्शाया है कि भूगोलिक दृष्टिकोण से मानव सभ्यताएं अपने पर्यावरण पर असर डालते हुए कुछ ही समय के लिए मौजूद हुई हैं। उन्होंने उल्लेख किया है कि जलवायु परिवर्तन एक गर्म बहस का विषय है और अंटार्कटिका इस विवाद में एक महत्वपूर्ण तत्व है, क्योंकि इसमें कभी मानव जनसँख्या का निवास नहीं रहा है, जिससे यह अप्रदूषित होता है। अंटार्कटिका में बर्फ़ की परतें पांच लाख साल पुराने कार्बन रिकॉर्ड रखती हैं, जिससे पृथ्वी के भूतकाल, वर्तमान और भविष्य का अध्ययन करने के लिए एक आदर्श स्थान है।
लेखक "Students on Ice" कार्यक्रम को हाई स्कूल के छात्रों के लिए उठाते हुए हाइलाइट करती हैं, जो दुनिया के अंत तक छात्रों को ले जाता है और उन्हें इसके बारे में प्रेरित करता है कि हमारी पृथ्वी को समझने और समझौते करने के लिए नई समझ और सम्मान की आवश्यकता है। यह कार्यक्रम नीति निर्माताओं के भविष्य की पीढ़ी के लिए है, जो सीखने, समझने और कार्रवाई करने के लिए तैयार हैं।
अध्याय का सारांश, हमारी भूवैज्ञानिक इतिहास और पर्यावरण पर मानव के प्रभाव के बारे में है। लेखक ध्यान देते हुए कि मानव सभ्यताएं भौतिक दृष्टिकोण से एक छोटे समय के लिए मौजूद हुई हैं, लेकिन पर्यावरण पर उनका प्रभाव विशाल है। लेखक यह भी दर्शाती हैं कि जलवायु परिवर्तन एक गरम विषय है, और अंटार्कटिका इस विवाद में एक महत्वपूर्ण घटक है, क्योंकि इसने कभी एक मानव आबादी को बरताया नहीं है। अंटार्कटिका में बर्फ की लेयरें पांच-लाख-वर्ष पुरानी कार्बन रिकॉर्ड रखती हैं, जो धरती के भूत, वर्तमान और भविष्य के अध्ययन के लिए आदर्श स्थान हैं। लेखक "Students on Ice" नामक कार्यक्रम को भी उजागर करती हैं, जो हाई स्कूल के छात्रों को दुनिया के अंत तक ले जाता है, उन्हें पृथ्वी के प्रति नई समझ और सम्मान के लिए प्रेरित करता है। यह कार्यक्रम नीति निर्माताओं के भविष्य की तैयारी करने के लिए उन्हें जागरूक, करने तथा पर्यावरणीय चुनौतियों का सामना करने के लिए तैयार करती है।
Journey To The End Of The Earth
Journey To The End Of The Earth, in Hindi
Journey to the end of the Earth Questions and Answers
Short Answer type Questions
Question 1.
How do geological phenomena help us to 1 know about the history of mankind?
(2000; 2009 Delhi)
Answer:
It is geological phenomena that help us to know about the history of mankind.
Geologists say about 650 million years ago a giant ‘amalgamated’ super
continent, Gondwana existed in the South. At that time India and Antarctica
were parts of the same landmass. Gondwana had a warm climate and a huge variety
of flora and fauna. This supercontinent survived for 500 years till the age of
mammals got underway.
Question 2.
How can a visit to the Antarctica be an enlightening experience? (2008 Outside
Delhi; All Comptt. Delhi)
Answer:
By visiting the Antarctica we can understand the earth’s past, present and
future. A visit there can teach the next generation to understand and value our
planet. Antarctica also holds within its ice-cores half-million-years old
carbon records which will help us to study climatic changes by global warming.
Question 3.
What kind of indications do we get while visiting Antarctica to save Earth?
(2004 Delhi)
Answer:
Tishani Doshi’s entire experience of visiting Antarctica was nothing short of a
revelation. It made her wonder about the “beauty of balance in play on our
planet”. She hopes the new generation will understand their planet better and
save it from annihilation. The planet’s ecosystem and its balance that took
millions of years to form can be soon destroyed. Scientists warn that a further
depletion in the ozone layer will affect the activities of the phytoplankton.
The lives of the marine animals and birds of the region will be affected. But
the school students’ visit to the Antarctica may make human beings handle their
planet in a better way.
Question 4.
Why is a visit to Antarctica important to realise the effect of global warming?
(2008 Outside Delhi)
Answer:
Antarctica is the perfect place to study the effects that global warming is
causing. It is here that one can see the effect of melting glaciers and
collapsing ice-shelves and how this is likely to raise the water levels in the
sea and the ocean, as a result of which many low lying regions will be
submerged under water.
Question 5.
How is Antarctica a crucial element in the debate on climate change? (2008
Outside Delhi; 2013 Comptt. Outside Delhi)
Answer:
Antarctica is a crucial element in the debate on climate change because it is
the only place in the world which has never sustained a human population and
thus remains relatively pristine. Moreover, it holds in its ice-caves
half-million- year old carbon records trapped in its layers of ice. The world’s
climate is changing fast and is at present one of the most hotly debated
issues. Antarctica is the ideal place to study the effect of these
environmental changes as it has a very simple ecosystem and lacks biodiversity.
If global warming makes Antarctica warmer, it will have disastrous consequences
elsewhere.
Question 6.
Why is Antarctica and its understanding important for the survival of the
world? (2009 Outside Delhi)
Answer:
Antarctica and its understanding is important for the survival of the world
because it helps us to know that the southern supercontinent of Gondwana
existed and centered around the present-day Antarctica. Human beings had not
come on the global scene but a huge variety of flora and fauna was present in
the supercontinent. It was after 500 million years that the landmass was forced
to separate into countries that exist today. Antarctica’s ice-cores hold over
half-million-year-old carbon records which are crucial for the study of the
Earth’s past, present and future.
Question 7.
What are the indications for the future of humankind? (2009 Outside Delhi)
Answer:
A fast and steady rise in human population in proportion to the limited natural
resources is exerting pressure on land. Forests are being cut and fossil fuels
are being burnt and these factors are increasing the global temperature.
Melting of glaciers, depletion of ozone layer and global warming are
endangering man’s existence on earth. This is bound to adversely affect marine
life, birds and mankind.
Question 8.
How did the Antarctica amaze the writer when he first saw it? (2010 Delhi)
Answer:
When the writer first saw Antarctica he was amazed by its vastness and immense
white landscape. It was an endless blue horizon and the fact that it was
isolated from the rest of the world created an added sense of wonder and
mystery about the continent.
Question 9.
What was the objective of the ‘Students on Ice Programme’? (2009 Delhi; 2011
Comptt. Outside Delhi)
Answer:
The objective of the ‘Students on Ice’ programme was to take High School
students to the limits of the world and provide them not only with inspiring
opportunities in education but also enable them to understand and respect our
planet. The idea was to provide them a life-changing experience at an age when
they are ready to absorb, learn and most importantly act. According to Geoff
Green, the High School students are the future policy makers and through this
programme they would save this planet from ecological hazards and the harmful
effects of global warming.
Question 10.
What were the writer’s feelings on reaching Antarctica? (2011 Delhi)
Answer:
The writer’s first emotion on reaching Antarctica was that of relief. He felt
relieved to have set foot on the Antarctic continent after over 100 hours. Then
he experienced a sense of amazement on seeing its vastness and immense white
landscape which dazzled his eyes.
Question 11.
Why does the author of Journey to the End of the Earth state that in 12000
years man has managed to create a ruckus on this earth? (2012 Comptt. Outside
Delhi )
Answer:
Humans have been on this Earth for about 12,000 years and have created a havoc
and ruckus on this Earth. They have done this by encroaching on nature and
establishing cities and mega cities. Their increasing population has depleted
natural resources and their callousness towards nature has led to a rise in
global temperature.
Question 12.
Why was Tishani Doshi filled with relief and wonder when he set foot on the
Antarctic continent? (2010 Comptt. Delhi)
Answer:
Tishani Doshi’s first emotion when he set foot on the Antarctic continent was
one of relief. He felt relieved to have set foot there after over a hundred
hours. Its vastness and immense wild landscape dazzled his eyes. Its endless
blue horizon and its isolation from the rest of the world created a sense of
wonder and mystery for him.
Question 13.
What sort of brightness and silence prevailed in Antarctica dining summer?
(2011 Delhi)
Answer:
The brightness that prevailed in Antarctica was surreal (strange) as the
austral summer light remained for 24 hours in the continent. The silence there
was ubiquitous (widespread) interrupted only by the occasional avalanche or calving
ice sheet.
Question 14.
What do you think is the reason behind the success of the programme, ‘Students
on Ice’? (2011 Delhi)
Answer:
The programme ‘Students on Ice’ was a success because it offered a life
changing exposure to the future generation of policy makers at an age when they
could absorb, learn and act. It provided them with inspiring educational
opportunities which would help them foster a new understanding and respect for
our planet.
Question 15.
Why is Antarctica the place to go to if we want to study the earth’s past,
present and future? (2010 Comptt. Outside Delhi)
Answer:
The Antarctica landmass, that was an amalgamated southern supercontinent called
Gondwana dates back to 650 million years. It can help us understand better the
formation of continents and mountains like the Himalayas as they are in the
modem world. Its ice-cores hold over half-million-year old carbon records that
are vital to study the Earth’s past, present and future.
Question 16.
How was Antarctica a chilling prospect for a South Indian, Tishani Doshi? (2013
Comptt. Delhi)
Answer:
Tishani Doshi is a sun-worshiping South Indian and for her to spend two weeks
in a place where 90 per cent of the Earth’s total ice volumes are stored is a
chilling prospect, not just for circulatory and metabolic functions, but also
for the imagination.
Long Answer type Questions
Question 1.
What are phytoplanktons? How are they important to our ecosystem? (2010 Outside
Delhi; 2012 Delhi)
Answer:
The microscopic phytoplankton are tiny forms of plant life on the sea. They
nourish and sustain the entire southern ocean’s food chain. They are
single-celled plants and use the energy of the sun to assimilate carbon
supplying oxygen and synthesise compounds. Depletion of the ozone layer that
protects us from the harmful rays of the sun adversely affects the activities
of the phytoplankton. Any further depletion in the ozone layer will hamper
their activity which, in turn, is bound to affect the growth of marine animals
and birds and even the global carbon cycle. Thus to save the big organisms the
small organisms need to be cared for because even minor changes have huge
repercussions.
Question 2.
How the programme, ‘Students on Ice’ was an attempt to equip future generation
with knowledge to save Earth? (2005 Delhi)
Answer:
The objective of the ‘Students on Ice’ programme was to take the High School
students to the limits of the world and provide them with inspiring
opportunities in education to enable them to understand and respect our planet.
According to Geoff Green, the High School students are the future policy-makers
and through this programme they would be able to save this planet from the
ecological hazards and the harmful effects of global warming. Antarctica, with
its simple ecosystem and lack of biodiversity, is the perfect place to study
how little changes in the environment can have major repercussions. The school
students’ impressionable minds can study and examine the Earth’s past, present
and future by their voyage to Antarctica.
Question 3.
In what ways is the research on Antarctica helpful in the study and
understanding of the Earth’s past and future, according to the author of
‘Journey to the End of the Earth’? (2012 Comptt. Delhi)
Answer:
A visit to Antarctica will help us to understand where we have come from and
where we could possibly be heading. It will also suggest a lot of future
possibilities, probably for even a million years later. By visiting the
Antarctica we get an opportunity to study about the future climatic changes
easily and more effectively. We also come to know about the repercussions of
the various environmental changes. It also gives us the realization of the
appearance of the ‘future world’. The ice-cores of Antarctica hold more than
half-million-year-old carbon records which are very crucial for the study of
the past, present and future of our planet. All this will also help us to
understand our planet better and also give us ideas to save our planet.
Question 4.
The author calls her two-week stay in Antarctica, ‘a chilling prospect’. How
far do you think is she justified? What other features of the Antarctic
environment are highlighted?
Answer:
Tishani Doshi, is a sun-worshiping South Indian and for her to spend two-weeks
in a place where 90 per cent of the Earth’s total ice volumes are stored is a
chilling prospect—both in terms of circulatory and metabolic functions and for
the imagination. She has been transported from the scorching sun to the ice
floes and glaciers where ninety per cent of the earth’s surface is ice-mass.
Her two-week Antarctic encounter left an epiphanic effect on her and she
carried back indelible memories of the continent. For her, it was like walking
into a giant ping-pong ball, devoid of any human markers like trees, billboards
and buildings. She says one loses all earthly sense of perspective and time
here. As the day pass in surreal 24- hour austral summer light, a silence
prevails which is interrupted only by the occasional avalanche or caving ice
sheet.
She learnt that Antarctica has a very simple ecosystem that lacks variety. But if this system is interfered with and environmental changes are effected indiscriminately, it can lead to depletion of the ozone layer, which protects us from the harmful rays of the sun. Since the planet is unravaged by humans, it remains unblemished. Its ice-cores hold more than half¬million-year-old carbon records that are imperative for the detailed study of our planet.
Question 5.
Why does Tishani Doshi call her trip to Antarctica a “Journey to the End of the
Earth”? What experience did she have during this expedition? (2011 Outside
Delhi)
Answer:
Tishani Doshi calls her trip to Antarctica a ‘Journey to the End of the Earth’
because she crosses nine time zones, six checkpoints, three water bodies and
many ecospheres to reach there. The entire journey takes one hundred hours. She
is wonder-struck by the immensity and isolation of the region. She is also
relieved to see its expansive wide landscape and uninterrupted blue horizon.
Antarctica provides young students like her with a platform to study changes in
the environment. The programme is also likely to help them develop a new
respect and understanding of our planet. Antarctica is also the perfect place
for them to study how little climatic changes can have big repercussions and
how global warming and further depletion of the ozone layer can affect the
Antarctic region. The study of the Antarctica will help them to understand the
earth’s past, present and future.
Question 6.
The world’s geological history is trapped in the Antarctica. How is the study
of this region useful to us? (2008 Delhi)
Answer:
The Antarctic landmass dates back to 650 million years. It was an amalgamated
southern supercontinent called Gondwana. This landmass centered around the
present-day Antarctica. Human beings did not exist as their civilization is
only 12,000 years old. The climate at that time was warm and landmass
flourished with a vast variety of flora and fauna. The study of this region
shows that Gondwana prospered for 500 million years. But then the dinosaurs got
wiped out and mammals began to appear. The landmass disintegrated into
countries and India, the Himalayas and South America was formed. This left
Antarctica frigid at the bottom of the earth. Today, it stores the key to the
significance of coridelleran folds and pre- Cambrian granite shields, ozone and
carbon layers as well as a study of the evolution and extinction. This can help
us to understand in a better way the formation of continents and mountains like
the Himalayas as we find them in the modem world. Its ice-folds hold over
half-million-year-old carbon records that are so crucial for the study of the
Earth’s past, present and future, thus trapping the world’s geological history
in Antarctica.
Journey To The End Of The Earth
Journey To The End Of The Earth, in Hindi
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