Parts of speech are the basic grammatical categories into which words can be classified according to their syntactic and semantic functions within a sentence. These categories help to identify the role that a word plays within a sentence and how it relates to other words in the sentence. The nine parts of speech in English are noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection, and determiners. Understanding the parts of speech is an essential aspect of learning English grammar and syntax. By identifying and correctly using the different parts of speech, we can construct clear, well-structured, and meaningful sentences.  

Parts of Speech | Syntax | Parts of Speech Definitions And Examples
Here are the nine parts of speech in English grammar:

1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Verb
4. Adverb
5. Adjective
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection
9. Determines

    1. Noun

    A noun is used to identify a person, place, thing, or idea. It is a word that represents a person, place, thing, or concept and can function as the subject or object of a sentence, as well as a possessive modifier or an object of a preposition. Nouns can be concrete, such as "dog" or "house," or abstract, such as "happiness" or "justice." They can also be singular or plural and may be proper nouns (specific names of people, places, or things) or common nouns (general names of people, places, or things). Nouns are one of the foundational building blocks of language and are used to convey meaning and communicate effectively in both spoken and written communication.

    Some examples of noun:
    • Person: Riya, Mohan, Kirti
    • Animals: Cat, rat, elephant.
    • Places: restaurant, Goa, museum
    • Thing: Fan, table, television.
    • Qualities: Goodness, sorrow.

    Types of Noun

    Nouns are an important part of speech in English, and they can be classified based on their characteristics and functions. By understanding the different types of nouns and how they function in a sentence, we can use them effectively in our communication and express our thoughts and ideas more clearly. Some main types of noun are tabulated below. 

    1. Proper Noun

    A proper noun is a specific name for a person, place, thing, or idea, such as "Mark Twain," "New York City," "The Beatles." or “New Delhi”.

    2. Common Noun

    A common noun is a general name for a person, place, thing, or idea, such as "book," "city," or "dog."

    3. Concrete Noun

    A concrete noun refers to something that can be perceived by the senses, such as "chair," "tree," or "music.”

    4. Abstract Noun

    An abstract noun refers to something that cannot be perceived by the senses, such as "love," "freedom," or "justice."

    5. Collective Noun

    A collective noun refers to a group of people or things, such as "family," "team," or "flock.".

    6. Compound Noun

    A compound noun is a single noun formed by combining two or more words together. For example, "toothbrush" is a compound noun formed by combining "tooth" and "brush." Other examples of compound nouns include "bookshelf," "blueberry," "bookmark," and "self-esteem." Compound nouns can be written as a single word, separate words, or with a hyphen and they allow us to express complex ideas in a concise and precise manner.
     
    7. Countable Noun

    A countable noun refers to something that can be counted, such as "book," "apple," or "car."

    8. Uncountable Noun

    An uncountable noun refers to something that cannot be counted, such as "water," "air," or "love."

    9. Gerund Noun

    A gerund is a noun formed by adding -ing to a verb. For example, in the sentence "Swimming is good exercise," "swimming" is a gerund that functions as the subject. Gerunds can also function as the object of a verb, the complement of a verb, or the object of a preposition. Other examples of gerunds include "singing," "hiking," and "painting." Gerunds are useful in English because they allow us to use verbs as nouns and express ideas more precisely.

    10. Gender-specific Nouns

    Gender-specific nouns indicate or imply the gender of the person or animal being referred to. For example, "man" and "woman" are inherently gender-specific nouns, while "person" and "human" are gender-neutral. Some professions and job titles have traditionally been gender-specific, such as "policeman" or "fireman," but are now being changed to be more inclusive, such as "police officer" or "firefighter." The use of gender-neutral language is becoming increasingly important in creating an inclusive and respectful environment.

    2. Pronoun

    A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun to avoid repetition. For example, instead of saying "Priya went to the store. Priya bought groceries. Priya paid for her groceries," we can use pronouns to make the sentence flow more smoothly, like this: "Priya went to the store. She bought groceries and paid for them." Examples of pronouns include "he," "she," "they," "it," "you," "me," "him," "her," "us," and "them."

    Types of Pronoun

    There are several types of pronouns in English.

    i. Personal Pronouns

    These are pronouns that refer to a specific person or thing. Examples include "I," "you," "he," "she," "it," "we," and "they." 

    ii. Possessive Pronouns

    These are pronouns that show ownership or possession. Examples include "mine," "yours," "his," "hers," "its," "ours," and "theirs."

    iii. Indefinite Pronouns

    These are pronouns that refer to an indefinite or unknown person, thing, or amount. Examples include "anyone," "someone," "something," "nothing," "everyone," "all," "some," "any," and "none."

    iv. Relative Pronouns

    These are pronouns that are used to join a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun. Examples include "who," "whom," "whose," "which," and "that."

    v. Demonstrative Pronouns

    These are pronouns that point to a specific person, thing, or idea. Examples include "this," "that," "these," and "those."

    vi. Interrogative Pronouns

    These are pronouns that are used to ask questions. Examples include "who," "whom," "what," "which," and "whose."

    vii. Reflexive Pronouns

    These are pronouns that end in "-self" or "-selves" and refer to the subject of the sentence. Examples include "myself," "yourself," "himself," "herself," "itself," "ourselves," and "themselves."

    viii. Distributive Pronouns

    Distributive pronouns refer to members of a group or individuals separately. Examples of distributive pronouns include "each" and "every." For example, "Every student in the class received a prize for their hard work" or "Each of the employees was given a bonus for their contribution to the project." These pronouns are used to indicate that something is shared or distributed among the members of a group.

    3. Verb

    A verb is a word that expresses an action, occurrence or state of being. It is a fundamental part of a sentence and is often described as the "doing" or "being" word. Verbs can be used to describe physical actions, like "run," "jump," or "swim," or mental actions, like "think," "imagine," or "believe." They can also describe a state of being, like "exist," "live," or "feel." In short, verbs are words that help to convey meaning by describing actions, occurrences, or states of being in a sentence.

    Types of Verbs

    These are the main kinds of verbs:

    1. Linking Verbs
    2. Action verbs
    3. Reflexive Verbs
    4. Auxiliary Verbs
    5. Modal Verbs
    6. Regular verbs
    7. Irregular verbs

    1) Linking Verbs

    These are verbs that connect the subject of a sentence to a noun or adjective that describes or identifies it, such as "be," "become," "appear," or "seem."

    2) Action Verbs

    Action verbs show action. They create an image of the happening in your head. There are two kinds of action verbs:

    a) Transitive Verbs
    b) Intransitive Verbs

    (a) Transitive Verbs: Transitive verbs are verbs that require an object to complete their meaning. They are called "transitive" because they "transfer" the action of the verb to the object. The object is the receiver of the action and is usually a noun or pronoun.

    Here are some examples of sentences with transitive verbs:
    • She gave the book to her friend. ("gave" is the transitive verb, and "book" is the object)
    • They ate the pizza for dinner. ("ate" is the transitive verb, and "pizza" is the object)
    • He wrote a letter to his grandmother. ("wrote" is the transitive verb, and "letter" is the object)
    • The children painted the walls blue. ("painted" is the transitive verb, and "walls" is the object)
    • The teacher assigned homework to the students. ("assigned" is the transitive verb, and "homework" is the object)
    In each of these sentences, the transitive verb is followed by an object that receives the action of the verb. Without the object, the sentence would be incomplete and would not make sense.

    (b) Intransitive Verbs: Intransitive verbs are verbs that do not require an object to complete their meaning. They are called "intransitive" because they do not transfer the action of the verb to an object. Instead, they express a complete thought on their own.

    Here are some examples of sentences with intransitive verbs:
    • She slept soundly. ("slept" is the intransitive verb)
    • The bird flew away. ("flew" is the intransitive verb)
    • The sun set behind the mountains. ("set" is the intransitive verb)
    • He laughed at the joke. ("laughed" is transitive in this sentence, but it is intransitive if there is no object)
    • They danced all night. ("danced" is the intransitive verb)
    In each of these sentences, the intransitive verb stands alone and does not transfer the action to an object. Instead, it expresses a complete thought on its own.

    3) Reflexive Verbs

    Reflexive verbs are those who’s subject and direct object are the same. They refer back to the same thing or person. Let us see the examples below.

    Here are some examples of sentences with reflexive verbs:

    • She brushed her hair before bed. (not reflexive)
    • She brushed herself before bed. (reflexive) He cut his finger while chopping vegetables. (not reflexive)
    • He cut himself while chopping vegetables. (reflexive)
    • They dressed up for the party. (not reflexive)
    • They dressed themselves up for the party. (reflexive)
    • I burned my hand on the stove. (not reflexive)
    • I burned myself on the stove. (reflexive)
    • The cat washed its paws. (not reflexive)
    • The cat washed itself. (reflexive)
    In each of these sentences, the reflexive verb is accompanied by a reflexive pronoun that refers back to the subject of the sentence, indicating that the subject is performing the action on themselves.

    4) Auxiliary Verbs

    These are verbs that are used together with other verbs to form verb tenses, such as "be," "do," and "have." They can also be used to form questions or negative sentences.

    5) Modal Verbs

    These are verbs that express modality, such as ability, possibility, permission, obligation, or advice. Examples include, will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must, used to, ought to and need.

    6) Regular verbs

    These are verbs that follow a predictable pattern when forming the past tense and past participle, such as adding "-ed" to the base form. Examples include "walk," "talk," "play," or "laugh."

    7) Irregular verbs

    These are verbs that do not follow a predictable pattern when forming the past tense and past participle, such as "go," "eat," "drink," or "swim." Their past forms and past participles are formed differently, and they often have unique forms. 

    4. Adverb

    An adverb is a part of speech that modifies or adds more information to a verb, adjective, or another adverb. Adverbs can describe how, when, where, to what extent or in what manner something is done.

    Examples:
    • She ran quickly to catch the bus. (Here, the adverb "quickly" describes how she ran.)
    • He speaks English fluently. (Here, the adverb "fluently" describes how he speaks.)
    • They will arrive soon. (Here, the adverb "soon" describes when they will arrive.)
    • The party was held outdoors. (Here, the adverb "outdoors" describes where the party was held.)
    • She sang very beautifully. (Here, the adverb "very" describes to what extent she sang beautifully.)
    Kinds of Adverbs

    Adverbs are categorized into many kinds, such as:

    1. Adverbs of Time
    2. Adverbs of Place
    3. Adverbs of Frequency
    4. Adverbs of Degree
    5. Adverbs of Manner
    6. Adverbs of Reason
    7. Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation.
    8. Relative Adverbs
    9. Interrogative Adverbs

    1. Adverbs of Time

    Adverbs of time tell us about which time an action was performed. These answer the question: When? Common words which come under the category of adverbs of time are:

    Ago, before, after, yesterday, later, already, now, never, formerly, soon, since, etc

    Examples in sentences:

    1. Yesterday: We went to the park yesterday.
    2. Now: I am busy right now.
    3. Soon: The train will be here soon.
    4. Already: Have you already finished your homework?
    5. Always: She always arrives on time.
    6. Never: He never forgets his keys.
    7. Often: They often go hiking on the weekends.
    8. Rarely: We rarely eat out.
    9. Later: Can we talk later?
    10. Early: I woke up early this morning.

    2. Adverbs of Place

    Adverbs of Place tell us about at what place an action took place. These answer the question: Where? Common words which come under the category of adverbs of place are:

    Here, there, upstairs, outside, nearby, up, out, in, within, away, etc

    Examples in sentences:

    1. Here: Come here and sit down.
    2. There: She lives over there.
    3. Upstairs: They are studying upstairs.
    4. Outside: It's a beautiful day outside.
    5. Inside: Please come inside and have a seat.
    6. Nearby: There is a coffee shop nearby.
    7. Abroad: She is traveling abroad this summer.
    8. Backward: He fell backward off the chair.
    9. Forward: She leaned forward to listen.

    3. Adverbs of Frequency

    Adverbs of frequency are adverbs that describe how often an action or event occurs. These answer the question: How often? Common words used as adverbs of frequency are:

    Always, once, twice, again, often, seldom, rarely, frequently, etc

    Examples in sentences:

    1. Always: She always eats breakfast before leaving for work.
    2. Usually: He usually arrives on time for his meetings.
    3. Often: They often go to the gym after work.
    4. Sometimes: I sometimes forget where I put my keys.
    5. Rarely: We rarely eat fast food.
    6. Hardly ever: They hardly ever watch TV.
    7. Weekly: We have a weekly team meeting on Tuesdays.
    8. Occasionally: He occasionally plays tennis with his friends.
    9. Seldom: She seldom takes a day off from work.
    10. Infrequently: They travel infrequently due to work commitments.

    4. Adverbs of Degree

    Adverbs of degree are adverbs that modify or describe the intensity or degree of an action, verb, adjective, or another adverb. These answer the question: How much? Adverbs of Degree are also known as Adverbs of Quantity. Common words used as Adverbs of Degree or Quantity are:

    Extremely, too, any, almost, so, pretty, rather, quite, partly, altogether, enough, etc

    Examples in sentences:

    1. Extremely: She is extremely tired.
    2. Quite: The movie was quite entertaining.
    3. Too: The soup is too salty.
    4. Almost: She is almost always on time.
    5. Absolutely: The view from the top of the mountain is absolutely breathtaking.
    6. Completely: He completely forgot about the meeting.
    7. Utterly: The situation is utterly ridiculous.
    8. Terribly: The traffic was terribly congested.
    9. Highly: She is highly skilled in her profession.
    10. Perfectly: The dress fits perfectly.

    5. Adverbs of Manner

    Adverbs of manner are adverbs that describe how an action or event occurs. These answer the question: How? Adverbs of manner usually are derived from adjectives and mostly end in -ly. Following are some common words that come under the adverbs of manner category:

    Carefully, swiftly, clearly, foolishly, happily, gently, slowly,

    Examples in sentences:

    1. Carefully: She cut the cake carefully.
    2. Quickly: He ran quickly to catch the bus.
    3. Loudly: The music is playing loudly.
    4. Happily: She smiled happily at her friend.
    5. Roughly: The waves were rough and choppy.
    6. Carelessly: He threw the ball carelessly.
    7. Politely: She greeted her guests politely.
    8. Gently: She hugged the kitten gently.
    9. Angrily: He shouted angrily at the driver who cut him off.
    10. Cheerfully: She sang cheerfully as she cooked dinner.

    6. Adverbs of Reason

    Adverbs of reason are adverbs that express the reason or cause of an action or event. These are also known as Adverb of Cause and answer the question: Why? The common words that come under this category are:

    Because, hence, therefore, so, etc

    Example in sentences:

    1. Therefore: She didn't study, therefore she failed the test.
    2. Consequently: He ate too much junk food, consequently he gained weight.
    3. Thus: She had no money, thus she couldn't afford the concert ticket.
    4. Hence: The road was closed, hence we had to take a detour.
    5. Because: He stayed up too late because he was watching TV.
    6. Thanks to: Thanks to her hard work, she got a promotion.
    7. On account of: On account of his injury, he couldn't play in the game.
    8. In view of: In view of the circumstances, we need to find a solution.
    9. In consequence: In consequence of the decision, changes had to be made.
    10. So: She was tired, so she went to bed early.

    7. Adverbs of Affirmation Negation

    Adverbs of affirmation and negation are adverbs that indicate whether a statement is true or false. These validate things. These are the words that are commonly used as adverbs of affirmation:

    Surely, certainly, definitely, very, obviously, yes, indeed, no, never, invalidly, etc

    Examples:

    Adverbs of Affirmation:

    1. Certainly: She certainly knows how to cook.
    2. Indeed: The view is indeed spectacular.
    3. Absolutely: He is absolutely right.
    4. Definitely: I will definitely be there.
    5. Surely: He will surely win the race.
    6. Positively: She positively identified the suspect.
    7. Undoubtedly: The team will undoubtedly win the championship.

    Adverbs of Negation:

    1. Not: She is not interested in the job.
    2. Never: He never speaks in public.
    3. No: I have no idea what he's talking about.
    4. Rarely: We rarely go to the movies.
    5. Hardly: She hardly ever exercises.
    6. Scarcely: He scarcely noticed the change.
    7. Barely: They barely made it to the airport on time.

    8. Relative Adverbs

    Relative adverbs are adverbs that introduce a relative clause and relate to a time, place, or reason. The three most common relative adverbs are:

    When: It refers to a time and is used to introduce a clause about time.
    Example: The day when we met was very sunny.

    Where: It refers to a place and is used to introduce a clause about place.
    Example: The restaurant where we ate was very expensive.

    Why: It refers to a reason and is used to introduce a clause about reason.
    Example: That's the reason why I couldn't come to the party.

    9. Interrogative Adverbs

    Interrogative Adverbs are the verbs used to ask questions. These are placed in the beginning of the sentence which contains the question. These words are commonly used as interrogative adverbs:

    Why, where, how, when

    Examples in sentences:

    1. When will you come to visit?
    2. How did you solve the problem?
    3. Where did you go yesterday?
    4. Why did you leave early?
    5. How often do you go to the gym?

    Degrees of Adverbs

    Adverbs, like adjectives, can have different degrees of comparison: positive, comparative, and superlative.

    Positive degree: It is the base form of the adverb. It is used to describe an action without comparing it to anything else.

    Example: He speaks fluently.

    Comparative degree: It is used to compare two actions or things and show which one is of a higher or lower degree than the other.

    Example:     He speaks more fluently than his friend.

    Superlative degree: It is used to compare more than two actions or things and show which one is of the highest or lowest degree.

    Example: He speaks the most fluently in his class.

    In some cases, adverbs form their comparatives and superlatives by adding "er" and "est" to the base form, while others use "more" and "most" before the adverb.

    Adverbs ending in -ly generally form the comparative and superlative degrees by adding "more" and "most", because they are not formed by adding -er and -est. For example: quickly - more quickly - most quickly.

    Some irregular adverbs have completely different comparative and superlative forms. For example: well - better - best, badly - worse - worst.

    It's important to note that not all adverbs have comparative or superlative forms. Some adverbs are considered absolute because they cannot be compared. Examples include "always", "never", and "too".

    5. Adjective

    An adjective is a word that modifies or describes a noun or pronoun by providing more information about its quality, size, color, shape, or other characteristics. It can be used to give more detail about the subject of a sentence, making it more interesting and informative. Adjectives can be placed before or after the noun they modify, depending on the sentence structure.

    Examples:
    • The beautiful flower
    • The tall man
    • The red apple
    • The round table
    • The delicious food
     
    Kinds of Adjective

    There are several different kinds of adjectives, each of which performs a specific function in a sentence. The most common types of adjectives are:

    1. Descriptive adjectives
    2. Quantitative adjectives
    3. Demonstrative Adjectives
    4. Possessive Adjectives
    5. Interrogative adjectives
    6. Indefinite adjectives
    7. Proper adjectives

    1. Descriptive adjectives

    These are the most common type of adjectives, and they are used to describe the physical qualities or attributes of a noun or pronoun.

    Examples include: big, small, blue, round, soft, and hard.

    2. Quantitative adjectives

    These adjectives are used to describe the quantity or amount of a noun or pronoun.

    Examples include: few, many, some, all, several, and every.

    3. Demonstrative Adjectives

    These adjectives are used to indicate a specific noun or pronoun, and they can be used to point out something that is near or far.

    Examples include: this, that, these, and those.

    4. Possessive adjectives

    These adjectives are used to show ownership or possession of a noun or pronoun.

    Examples include: my, your, his, her, its, our, and their.

    5. Interrogative Adjectives

    These adjectives are used to ask questions about a noun or pronoun.

    Examples include: which, what, and whose.

    6. Indefinite adjectives

    These adjectives are used to refer to an unspecified or unknown quantity of a noun or pronoun.

    Examples include: some, any, many, several, and few.

    7. Proper adjectives

    These adjectives are derived from proper nouns, and they are used to describe a specific person, place, or thing.

    Examples include: American, Chinese, Catholic, and Shakespearean.

    6. Preposition

    A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence. Prepositions are usually short words that indicate the location, direction, time, or manner of a noun or pronoun. They typically come before a noun or pronoun and show how it relates to the rest of the sentence.

    Examples of prepositions:

    • The book is on the table.
    • She walked through the park.
    • He went to the store.
    • The cat is hiding under the bed.
    • The meeting is scheduled for Monday.

    Kinds of Prepositions

    Prepositions are classified into following categories:

    1. Simple Prepositions
    2. Double Prepositions
    3. Compound Prepositions
    4. Phrasal prepositions
    5. Detached Prepositions

    1. Simple Prepositions

    Simple prepositions are single-word prepositions that are used to indicate a relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in a sentence. They are called "simple" because they consist of just one word and do not require any additional words to complete their meaning. Common words used that come under the category of Simple Prepositions are as follows:

    In, out, on, up, at, for, from, by, of, off, through, till, etc

    Examples include:

    1. At: indicating a specific location or time, such as "at the park" or "at noon"
    2. In: indicating a location within a space or time period, such as "in the house" or "in the summer"
    3. On: indicating a location on a surface or a specific day, such as "on the table" or "on Monday"
    4. By: indicating a proximity or a means of transportation, such as "by the river" or "by car"
    5. To: indicating a destination or direction, such as "to the store" or "to the north"
    6. From: indicating a starting point or origin, such as "from the airport" or "from New York"
    7. Of: indicating a relationship or possession, such as "a book of poems" or "a friend of mine"
    8. With: indicating association or accompaniment, such as "a cup of tea with sugar" or "with my family"

    2. Double Prepositions

    Double prepositions are combinations of two simple prepositions. They are called "double" prepositions because they consist of two separate words that function as a single unit. Common words used as Double Prepositions are as follows:

    Onto, into, throughout, up till, up to, within, without, upon, etc

    Examples include:

    1. Into: indicating movement or direction from outside to inside a space, such as "he walked into the room"
    2. Onto: indicating movement or direction from outside to on top of a surface, such as "she placed the book onto the table"
    3. Upon: indicating close proximity or immediate contact, such as "upon arriving home, she took off her shoes"
    4. Without: indicating the absence or lack of something, such as "he left without saying goodbye"
    5. Within: indicating a location or time period that is inside or enclosed by something, such as "within the city limits" or "within an hour"
    6. Throughout: indicating a continuous or pervasive presence, such as "the music played throughout the night"
    7. Beneath: indicating a location or position that is below something, such as "the treasure was buried beneath the tree"

    3. Compound Prepositions

    Compound prepositions are created by adding a prefix to nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. They differ from double prepositions, which are not formed by combining two single prepositions. Common words, which come under the category of Compound Prepositions, are stated below:

    Above, about, across, along, before, behind, beside, inside, outside, etc

    Examples in sentences:
    • I was going about my business.
    • The person beside Ravi is my brother.
    In the first example, the prefix 'a' is added to a root word 'bout' to make a preposition. In the second example, the prefix 'be' is added to the root word 'side' to make a preposition. Thus, these words are Compound Prepositions.

    4. Phrasal Prepositions

    Phrasal prepositions are a type of preposition that consists of two or more words and functions as a single unit. These groups of words express a single idea by coming together as a unit. Words that come under the category of Phrasal Prepositions are as follows:

    In addition to, by means of, in spite of, according to, owing to, in favor of, etc

    Examples include:

    1. In front of: as in "The car is parked in front of the house."
    2. In addition to: as in "In addition to his job, he also volunteers at the hospital."
    3. By means of: as in "They communicated by means of sign language."
    4. Apart from: as in "Apart from John, everyone else is coming to the party."
    5. According to: as in "According to the weather forecast, it's going to be sunny today."
    6. Along with: as in "She brought a cake along with some flowers."
    7. Ahead of: as in "We need to finish this project ahead of schedule."
    8. In spite of: as in "In spite of the rain, they went for a walk."
    9. Due to: as in "The delay was due to the traffic." 
    A preposition is said to be detached when it does not immediately precede its object, but is instead placed at the end of a sentence. This construction is used when the object of the preposition is an interrogative or relative pronoun.

    Examples
    • She is the woman whom I was talking about.
    • Here are the books that you asked for.
    • Which of the houses were you working in? 

    7. Conjunction

    A conjunction is a word that connects words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence. Conjunctions are important in English grammar because they help to create a logical relationship between different parts of a sentence. They are used to indicate a variety of relationships, including time, cause and effect, contrast, and addition.


    Kinds of Conjunctions: There are two types of Conjunctions:

    1. Correlative Conjunctions
    2. Compound Conjunctions.
    1. Correlative Conjunctions

    Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that are used together to link two or more words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance in a sentence. These conjunctions work together to show the relationship between the connected elements. Common correlative conjunctions include:
    • either...or
    • neither...nor
    • both...and
    • not only...but also
    • whether...or
    • as...as

    Examples:
    • Either you can come with us to the beach, or you can stay home and watch TV.
    • Neither my sister nor my brother enjoys playing sports.
    • Both the car and the truck were damaged in the accident.
    • Not only did he forget his homework, but he also missed the bus.
    • Whether you choose to stay or to leave is up to you.
    • She's as smart as she is beautiful.
    2. Compound Conjunctions

    Compound conjunctions are made up of two or more words that function as a single conjunction in a sentence. They are used to join words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance. Common compound conjunctions include:

    • and/or
    • either/or
    • neither/nor
    • not/but
    • not only/but also
    • as well as
    Examples:
    • The restaurant serves chicken and/or fish for dinner.
    • Either you can come to my party or you can go to the movies.
    • Neither the cat nor the dog was in the house.
    • She's not happy, but she's trying to make the best of the situation.
    • Not only did he forget his wallet, but he also lost his keys.
    • She's a great musician as well as a talented artist.

    Classes of Conjunctions: Conjunctions are divided into two classes:
    1. Coordinating Conjunctions
    2. Subordinating Conjunctions.
    1. Coordinating Conjunctions

    Coordinating conjunctions are words used to connect two or more words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance in a sentence. They are used to show the relationship between the connected elements. There are seven coordinating conjunctions in English:

    For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So

    Examples:
    • I need to go grocery shopping, for I'm out of milk and bread.
    • John likes to play soccer and basketball.
    • She neither ate breakfast nor drank her coffee.
    • I wanted to go to the concert, but I couldn't get a ticket.
    • You can have cake or ice cream for dessert.
    • He wanted to go out, yet he decided to stay home and watch TV.
    • It's raining, so we should bring an umbrella.
    Kinds of Co-coordinating Conjunctions: These are the four kinds of Coordinating Conjunctions:

    1. Cumulative Conjunctions
    2. Adversative Conjunctions
    3. Disjunctive Conjunctions
    4. Illative Conjunctions
    1. Cumulative Conjunctions

    Cumulative conjunctions are used to add one idea to another in a sentence. They connect words, phrases, or clauses that have the same or similar meaning. Cumulative conjunctions include:

    And, Both...and, As well as, Not only...but also, Along with, Besides, In addition to

    Examples:

    • I bought apples and bananas at the store.
    • Both the teacher and the students enjoyed the field trip.
    • She speaks Spanish as well as French.
    • Not only did he finish his homework, but he also studied for his test.
    • Along with the cake, we served ice cream.
    • Besides studying, he also likes to play basketball.
    • In addition to her job, she volunteers at the hospital.
    2. Adversative Conjunctions

    Adversative conjunctions are used to express contrast or opposition between two ideas. They connect words, phrases, or clauses that have opposite or different meanings. Adversative conjunctions include:

    But, Yet, However, Although, Even though, Despite, In spite of, Whereas, While, Here are some

    Examples:
    • He studied hard, but he still failed the test.
    • She is very talented, yet she is often overlooked for promotion.
    • He was tired; however, he didn't want to go to bed yet.
    • Although he was tired, he stayed up late to finish his work.
    • Even though it was raining, they still went for a walk.
    • Despite his injury, he played in the game.
    • In spite of the traffic, she arrived on time.
    • He loves playing basketball, whereas his brother prefers soccer.
    3. Disjunctive Conjunctions

    Disjunctive conjunctions are used to indicate a choice between two options or alternatives. They are used to connect words, phrases, or clauses. Common disjunctive conjunctions include:

    Or, Either...or, Neither...nor,

    Examples:
    • Are you going to come to the party, or are you going to stay home?
    • Either you finish your homework now, or you will have to do it in the morning.
    • Neither the restaurant nor the cafe was open, so we had to find somewhere else to eat.
    4. Illative Conjunctions

    Illative conjunctions are used to indicate a logical conclusion or inference. Common illative conjunctions include:

    Therefore, Thus, Hence, Consequently

    Examples:
    • Sarah studied hard for the test; therefore, she got an A.
    • We missed our train; thus, we had to wait for the next one.
    • The road was closed due to construction; hence, we had to take a detour.
    • The store was out of stock; consequently, we had to go to a different store.
    2. Subordinating Conjunctions

    Subordinating conjunctions are used to connect a dependent clause to an independent clause, creating a complex sentence. They indicate the relationship between the two clauses, such as cause and effect, time sequence, or contrast. Common subordinating conjunctions include:

    Because, Since, Although, Even though, If, Unless, Until, While, Before, After

    Examples:
    • Because it was raining, I decided to stay home.
    • Since I had some free time, I decided to read a book.
    • Although it was cold outside, he refused to wear a coat.
    • If you don't hurry, you will miss the bus.
    • Unless you study hard, you won't pass the test.
    • Until the rain stopped, we stayed inside.
    • While he was cooking dinner, she was setting the table.
    • Before I go to bed, I like to read for a little while.
    • After we finished dinner, we watched a movie.

    8. Interjections

    Interjections are words or groups of words used to express strong emotions or reactions, such as surprise, excitement, frustration, or dismay. They are often accompanied by an exclamation mark and do not typically serve a grammatical function within a sentence. The words that are commonly used as Interjections are as follows:

    Hurrah!, Alas!, Oh no!, Oh my God!, What!, etc.

    Different types of Interjections

    Interjections are versatile words or phrases that can be used to express a wide range of emotions, including happiness, surprise, sadness, anger, and greetings. On such various types of emotions we classified them into different types.

    1. Interjections for Greeting

    Such interjections are used in sentences to show the emotions of warmness to the person meeting with. Some common interjections for greeting someone:

    Hello!, Hi!, Hey!, Good morning!

    Examples:
    • Good morning! It's great to see you.
    • Hey! When you came here?
    • Hello! I am Mohit.
    2. Interjections for Happiness

    Such interjections are used in sentences to show happiness or joy on any happy occasion. Some common interjections for expressing happiness or joy:

    Yeah!, Hurrah!, Wow! Awesome!, Amazing!, Fantastic!, Fabulous!, Super!, Great!, Excellent!, Wonderful!

    Examples:
    • Yeah! We won!
    • Hurrah! I've won!
    • Wow! What a pleasant weather!
    3. Interjections for Attention

    Such interjections are used in sentences to draw the attention of someone. Some common interjections for getting someone's attention:

    Hey!, Excuse me!, Listen!, Look!, Attention!, Behold!, Over here!, Pardon me!, Stop!, Hold on!

    Examples:
    • Hey! Let's go on a picnic!
    • Look! She is so happy.
    • Listen! I am starving.
    4. Interjections for Approval

    Such interjections are used in sentences to show the sense of agreement or approval for something. Some common interjections for expressing approval or agreement:

    Alright!, Absolutely!, Bravo!, Aha!, Exactly!, Perfect!, Well done!, Good job!, Nicely done!, Cheers!

    Examples:
    • Well done, Ravi! You got first position.
    • Brilliant! You reached at time.
    5. Interjections for Surprise

    Such interjections are used in sentences to indicate the sense of surprise about something that has happened. Some common interjections for expressing surprise:

    Wow!, Oh my goodness!, Incredible!, Unbelievable!, Amazing!, Shocking!, Surprising!, Oh wow!, No way!

    Examples:
    • Wow, that's amazing!
    • Oh my goodness, I can't believe it!
    • Incredible, I've never seen anything like it!
    6. Interjections for Sorrow

    Such interjections are used in sentences to express the emotion of sadness about something unfortunate has happened. Some common interjections for expressing sorrow or sympathy:

    Oh no!, Oh dear!, Alas!, How sad!, That's too bad!, That's terrible!, I'm so sorry!, My condolences!, Tragic!, What a shame!, That's so unfortunate!, Sad!, Woeful!, Regrettable!, Painful!, Sorrowful!

    Examples:
    • Oh no, I'm sorry to hear that.
    • Oh dear, that's really unfortunate.
    • Alas, it's such a sad situation.
    • How sad, my heart goes out to you.
    • That's too bad, I wish I could help.
    • That's terrible, I can't imagine how you must feel.
    • I'm so sorry, please accept my condolences.
    7. Interjections for Shock

    Such interjections are used in sentences to express the shock about something happened. Some common interjections for expressing shock:

    Oh my God!, No way!, Get outta here!, You're kidding!, Unbelievable!, I can't believe it!, Oh wow!, Oh no!, Good heavens!, Bloody hell!

    Examples:
    • Oh my God, what happened?!
    • No way, that's unbelievable!
    • Get outta here, that's incredible!
    • You're kidding, right? That's so shocking!
    • Unbelievable, I'm speechless.
    8. Interjections for Anger

    Such interjections are used in sentences to express the anger about something unfortunate has happened by someone's mistake. Some common interjections for expressing anger or frustration:

    Damn!, Darn!, Shoot!, For Pete's sake!, Bloody hell!, What the hell!, Come on!, Enough!, That's it!, Seriously?!, Unbelievable!

    Examples:
    • Damn, I can't believe I messed up!
    • Darn, I'm running late for the meeting!
    • Shoot, I missed the bus!
    • For Pete's sake, can't you be more careful?
    • Bloody hell, this is so frustrating!
    • What the hell, why didn't you tell me earlier?
    • Come on, this is ridiculous!
    • Enough, I can't take it anymore!
    • Seriously?! This is unacceptable!
    • Unbelievable, I can't believe you did that!
    How to write a letterLiterary Devices/Figures Of Speech

    9. Determiners

    Determiners are words that are used before nouns to provide more information about them. They help to specify which noun is being referred to and can indicate the quantity or type of the noun. Common words used as Determiners are as follows:

    A, the, every, any, that, my, your, which, etc

    Types of Determiners: Determiners are classified into following types:
    1. Articles
    2. Demonstrative Determiners
    3. Possessive Determiners
    4. Quantifiers
    5. Interrogative Determiners
    6. Distributive Determiner
    7. Cardinal Numbers
    8. Ordinal Numbers
    1. Articles: There are two types of articles Definite Article and Indefinite Article.
    1. Definite Article - "the": It is used to refer to a specific or particular noun. For example, "the book," "the car," "the sun," etc.
    2. Indefinite Article - "a/an": It is used to refer to any member of a group of nouns. For example, "a book," "an apple," "a car," etc.

    2.Demonstratives: "this," "that," "these," and "those"
    •  "This" and "that" are used to refer to specific objects or ideas, with "this" indicating something close at hand and "that" indicating something farther away.
    • "These" and "those" are used to refer to multiple objects or ideas, with "these" indicating objects close at hand and "those" indicating objects farther away.

    3.Possessives: "my," "your," "his," "her," "its," "our," and "their"
    •  Possessive determiners indicate ownership or possession of the noun they modify (e.g., "my book," "your house," "her car").

    4.Quantifiers: "some," "any," "many," "much," "few," "several," "all," "both," "either," and "neither"
    • Quantifiers indicate the quantity or amount of the noun they modify (e.g., "some books," "many friends," "few opportunities").

    5.Numbers: "one," "two," "three," etc.
    • Numbers are used to indicate a specific quantity of something (e.g., "one cookie," "two cats," "three pencils").

    6.Cardinal Numbers

    Cardinal numbers are a type of determiner that indicate the quantity or number of something. They are used to count or identify specific objects, people, or things, and are an important part of basic math and language skills. Cardinal numbers are the most basic type of numbers and include the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and so on. 
     
    Examples of cardinal numbers used in sentences:
    • I have two cats and three dogs.
    • There are seven days in a week.
    • He scored 15 points in the game.
    • The class has 25 students.

    7.Ordinal Numbers

    Ordinal numbers are a type of determiner that indicate the order or position of something in a sequence or list. They are used to identify the rank or placement of something in relation to other things. Ordinal numbers are formed from cardinal numbers by adding a suffix to the number, such as "st," "nd," "rd," or "th." 
     
    Examples of ordinal numbers used in sentences:
    • He finished in second place in the race.
    • Today is the 3rd of May.
    • She is the 1st female president of the company.
    • The concert is on the 10th of this month.
    These are just a few examples of the different kinds of determiners in English. Each type of determiner has a specific function in a sentence and can be used to provide important information about the noun being modified. 

    Conclusion: 

    Understanding the parts of speech is essential for anyone looking to improve their English language skills. Knowing the different categories of words and their functions in a sentence allows you to communicate more effectively and efficiently. Whether you are a student, a professional, or just someone looking to enhance your writing and speaking abilities, mastering the parts of speech is a key step toward achieving your goal. So, keep practicing, and don't be afraid to experiment with different sentence structures and word combinations to create engaging and effective communication.

    Frequently Asked Questions on Parts of Speech

    Q: What are the eight parts of speech in English grammar?
    A: The eight parts of speech in English grammar are noun, pronoun,  adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection.

    Q: What is the function of a noun in a sentence?
    A: A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea, and its function in a sentence is to serve as the subject, object, or complement of a verb, or as the object of a preposition.

    Q: What is the function of a verb in a sentence?
    A: A verb is an action or a state of being, and its function in a sentence is to express the action or state of being of a subject.

    Q: What is the function of an adjective in a sentence?
    A: An adjective modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun by providing more information about its quality, size, shape, color, or origin.

    Q: What is the function of an adverb in a sentence?
    A: An adverb modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb by providing more information about the manner, time, place, degree, or frequency of the action or state of being.

    Q: What is the function of a pronoun in a sentence?
    A: A pronoun replaces a noun in a sentence, and its function is to avoid repetition and to make the sentence less awkward.

    Q: What is the function of a preposition in a sentence?
    A: A preposition shows the relationship between a noun or a pronoun and other words in a sentence, and it usually indicates the time, place, direction, or manner of the action or state of being.

    Q: What is the function of a conjunction in a sentence?
    A: A conjunction connects words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence, and its function is to show the relationship between them, such as addition, contrast, or choice.

    Q: What is the function of an interjection in a sentence?
    A: An interjection expresses an emotion or a feeling, and its function is to add emphasis or to show the speaker's attitude toward what is being said.